| Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS), as a classic neurostimulation technique, has traditionally been used for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy, depression, and other neurological disorders. It is mainly divided into implantable vagus nerve stimulation and transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation. In recent years, VNS has demonstrated excellent anti-inflammatory effects in several animal studies and shown new potential applications in immune-mediated diseases. This article systematically reviews clinical studies on VNS treatment for various immunological diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, analyzing its stimulation methods and technical characteristics, clinical efficacy, mechanisms of action, and safety. Studies have shown that VNS can regulate the inflammatory response in patients with immune diseases in a dual, bidirectional manner through the CAP, HPA axis, and their interaction, effectively improving the clinical symptoms of these patients. This review covers the therapeutic significance of VNS in the context of neuroimmune modulation for immune diseases, aiming to provide a reference for future research. |